Shrubs are found in most regions and include some low-growing trees, such as scrub oaks.  灌木的分布廣泛，其中也包含長(zhǎng)勢(shì)低矮的樹木，比如矮櫟。

May burn very actively, or may slow the spread of fire depending on type of shrub and time of year.  這類可燃物是形成活躍的燃燒，還是會(huì)減緩火勢(shì)蔓延，主要取決于灌木的類型和在一年中所處的時(shí)間段。

The shrub type is highly influenced by drought conditions.  灌木類型受干旱條件的影響很大。

When the shrub type is receptive, it has the potential to spread fire quickly.  如果植物是親水的，有可能形成快速的火勢(shì)蔓延。

Commonly found in the plains regions and high deserts, grass-shrub is a mixture of fine grass and shrubs.常見于平原和沙漠高原，是細(xì)草和灌木的混合體。

Fire behavior in this type combines the features of the grass fuel type and the shrub fuel type.灌草火災(zāi)行為兼具草原火災(zāi)和灌木火災(zāi)的特點(diǎn)。

Fires may spread rapidly with wind, but more slowly than a grass fuel type.在風(fēng)的作用下火勢(shì)蔓延快，但比單純的草原火慢很多。

Shrubs add intensity to the fire and may produce spotting, but fires are less intense than in the Shrub type.灌木的加入會(huì)增強(qiáng)火勢(shì)，但比單純灌木火勢(shì)要弱，同時(shí)可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生飛火點(diǎn)。

Where it may be safe to move in the grass type immediately after fire passes, it may not be safe in this type because of longer-burning shrubs .由于灌木燃燒時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，所以不會(huì)形成像草原上火焰過后立刻形成的安全區(qū)。

Timber-understory refers to a canopy of trees with other plants (such as shrubs and small trees) growing below them. 林下植物是指樹木樹冠下生長(zhǎng)的植物（比如灌木和小樹）。

Fires in this type combine the features of the timber litter type and the shrub type, moving faster than fires in timber litter, but burning longer than fires in shrubs. 此類型可燃物的火災(zāi)兼具枯枝落葉層和灌木火的特點(diǎn)。比枯枝落葉層的火勢(shì)蔓延速度快，燃燒時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于灌木火。

Fires in this fuel type can move very quickly and with intensity, especially when understory trees/shrubs act as a ladder for fire to climb into the upper canopy.當(dāng)火勢(shì)借助林下樹木和灌木的“階梯作用”爬上上面的樹冠，燃燒會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉浅？焖俚拿土胰紵?/span>

The amount of fuel present expressed quantitatively in terms of weight of fuel per unit area.火災(zāi)荷載：給定面積內(nèi)燃料的數(shù)量

This may be available fuel (consumable fuel) or total fuel and is usually dry weight. 質(zhì)量采用燃料的干重（燃料干燥之后的重量）

The loading of fuels in any given area does not necessarily mean that fire will burn with great intensity.  火災(zāi)荷載的大小并不能完全代表火勢(shì)的強(qiáng)弱。

Chemical content refers to the presence of substances in the fuel such as: 

燃料中的化學(xué)成分指的是：

Fuels with high amounts of these substances can contribute to rapid rates of spread and high fire intensities.  如果可燃物中此類化學(xué)成分含量高，將有助于形成快速蔓延并猛烈燃燒的火勢(shì)。

Fuel arrangement is divided into two primary categories: 可燃物的分布分為兩個(gè)方面：

Fuel Continuity is the degree or extent of continuous or uninterrupted distribution of fuel particles in a fuel bed thus affecting a fire‘s ability to sustain combustion and spread. This applies to aerial fuels as well as surface fuels. 燃料連續(xù)性描述的是可燃物分布連續(xù)性或不間斷性的程度，這會(huì)影響可燃物持續(xù)燃燒的能力和火勢(shì)蔓延的速度與范圍。

Horizontal, continuous fuels are closely packed and in direct contact with one another.  水平方向上連續(xù)的可燃物緊密地堆積在一起，彼此直接接觸。

Two main categories: 根據(jù)水平連續(xù)性可以分為兩類：

Uniform, continuous fuels describe areas containing a network of connected fuels, allowing a continuous path for fire to spread. 均勻連續(xù)性分布會(huì)在一定區(qū)域內(nèi)形成可燃物彼此相連的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，能夠?yàn)榛饎?shì)蔓延提供連續(xù)性路徑。

The fuels affect the rate of ignition and spread potential by allowing fire to move steadily from one piece of fuel to the next.這種分布能夠使火災(zāi)在不同可燃物間穩(wěn)定的傳播，從而影響引火和蔓延速度。

Objects blocking the continuous distribution of fuels include:阻隔可燃物連續(xù)分布的物體包括：

Vertical arrangement of fuels is broken into four categories:  從豎向分布角度可以將可燃物分為四類：

All combustible materials below the surface litter, including duff, tree, or shrub roots, punky wood, peat, and sawdust, which normally support a glowing combustion without flame. 地面枯枝落葉層下的可燃物，包括腐殖層、樹木和灌木的根系、腐朽的木材、泥炭、木屑，通常會(huì)形成無焰燃燒。

Ground fuels do not spread fire quickly, but they can pose problems for containing fires.底層可燃物的火勢(shì)蔓延速度較慢，但也會(huì)對(duì)火災(zāi)的控制造成問題。

Ground fuels burn below the surface of the ground, out of sight, making it difficult to detect.  They can burn for extended periods–weeks, and, in some cases, years.底層可燃物的燃燒發(fā)生在地面以下，因?yàn)殡y以觀測(cè)到，所以很難探測(cè)。它們的燃燒會(huì)持續(xù)數(shù)周，甚至一些情況下可以持續(xù)數(shù)年。

Smoldering ground fuels can burn underneath firelines and cause fires to spread out of containment lines. 底層可燃物的陰燃會(huì)發(fā)生在防火線以下，導(dǎo)致火災(zāi)穿過控制線。

Fuels lying on or near the surface of the ground, consisting of leaf, and needle litter, dead branch material, downed logs, bark, tree cones, and low stature living plants. 表面可燃物是指在地面以上或地面附近的可燃物，包括樹葉、針葉層、干枯的樹枝、倒下的木材、樹皮、低矮植物。

Includes most of the material we think about as fuel for wildland fires and are the primary carriers of fire once ignition has occurred.  表面可燃物包括大部分我們所能想到的野外火災(zāi)可燃物，也是火災(zāi)發(fā)生后主要促使火勢(shì)蔓延的可燃物。

The primary fuel to remove to break the fire triangle. 也是滅火過程中首先要移除的可燃物。

Moisture content is the single most important factor in determining how well a fuel will ignite and burn.  含水量是決定燃料引燃和燃燒難易程度的一個(gè)非常重要的因素。

Two categories:  含有的水分分為兩類：

In general, at the height of the growing season, live fuel moistures will be at their highest and will progressively decrease throughout the fire season, whereas dead fuel moistures can fluctuate frequently throughout the fire season based on immediate precipitation, relative humidity, and sunlight. 一般來說，在生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)的高峰期，活著的可燃物濕度最高，在整個(gè)易發(fā)生火險(xiǎn)的季節(jié)會(huì)逐漸減少，而枯死的可燃物濕度在整個(gè)易發(fā)生火險(xiǎn)的季節(jié)會(huì)根據(jù)降水、相對(duì)濕度和日照的情況而頻繁波動(dòng)。

Due to variations in characteristics, as well as size, different fuels located in the same area will have varying moisture levels.  由于自身生長(zhǎng)特性、尺寸的差異，在相同區(qū)域生長(zhǎng)的不同植物，其含水量也會(huì)不同。

The drier a fuel is, the more likely it is to catch fire and the hotter it will burn.燃料越干，著火的可能性越大，燃燒的溫度也越高。